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The sum of the expenses of a firm that is stable and does not change with the quantity of the product that is produced and sold is referred to as


A) fixed cost.
B) total cost.
C) variable cost.
D) marginal cost.
E) overhead cost.

F) D) and E)
G) B) and D)

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The owner of a take-out fried chicken and biscuits restaurant pays each month $2,500 in rent, $500 in utilities, $750 loan interest, $200 insurance premium, and $250 on local bus advertising. A bucket of chicken is priced at $9.50. Variable costs for the bucket are $5.50. How many buckets of chicken does the restaurant need to sell to break-even each month?


A) 442 buckets
B) 764 buckets
C) 1,050 buckets
D) 3,150 buckets
E) 4,200 buckets

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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The key to setting a price for a product is finding an approximate price level to use as a reasonable starting point. Four common approaches to selecting an approximate price level are: (1) demand-oriented; (2) cost-oriented; (3) __________; and (4) competition-oriented approaches.


A) stakeholder-oriented
B) revenue-oriented
C) profit-oriented
D) distribution-oriented
E) cause-oriented

F) A) and B)
G) B) and E)

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The use of special fees and surcharges is driven by consumers' zeal for __________ combined with the ease of making price comparisons on the Internet.


A) high prices
B) low prices
C) quality
D) value
E) warranties

F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

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To increase value the most, marketers should


A) decrease benefits.
B) decrease benefits and increase price.
C) decrease price and increase benefits.
D) decrease price and decrease benefits.
E) do nothing and let the perceived value of the item increase as it matures in its life cycle

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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Setting one price for all buyers of a product or service is referred to as __________.


A) customary pricing
B) a one-price policy
C) a dynamic pricing policy
D) standard markup pricing
E) uniform pricing

F) A) and E)
G) B) and C)

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Prestige pricing refers to


A) charging different prices to different buyers for goods of like grade and quality.
B) setting a low initial price on a new product to appeal immediately to the mass market odd-even pricing.
C) setting a market price for a product or product class based on a subjective feel for the competitors' price or market price.
D) setting a high price so that quality- or status-conscious consumers will be attracted to the product and buy it.
E) setting a price that is dictated by tradition, a standardized channel of distribution, or other competitive factors.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

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Which of the following statements regarding odd-even pricing is most accurate?


A) Odd-even pricing is designed to give the consumer a better set of pricing alternatives.
B) Odd-even pricing can be used in conjunction with a skimming pricing strategy, but should not be used with a penetration pricing strategy.
C) Odd-even pricing does not work if the product is healthcare-related.
D) Overuse of odd-ending prices tends to mute its effect on demand.
E) Odd-ending prices are best used with large ticket items; it loses its effectiveness with moderate- to low-ticket items.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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Two types of adjustments to list or quoted price are


A) profit-oriented and marginal adjustments.
B) fixed-price and dynamic price adjustments.
C) discounts and marginal adjustments.
D) discounts and allowances.
E) incremental costs and incremental revenues.

F) None of the above
G) C) and D)

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Barter is the practice of exchanging products and services for other products and services rather than for __________.


A) value
B) ideas
C) promises
D) tariffs
E) money

F) B) and E)
G) D) and E)

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Setting the highest initial price that customers really desiring the product are willing to pay when introducing a new or innovative product is referred to as a


A) skimming strategy.
B) penetration strategy.
C) price-lining strategy.
D) experience-curve pricing strategy.
E) prestige pricing strategy.

F) A) and E)
G) C) and E)

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The ratio of perceived benefits to price is referred to as


A) the price-quality relationship.
B) customer value pricing.
C) value-added pricing.
D) value analysis.
E) valuE.Key term definition - value.

F) None of the above
G) B) and C)

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What is the difference between a movement along a demand curve and a shift of a demand curve?

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A movement along a demand curve assumes ...

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Deliberately selling a product below its customary price, not to increase sales, but to attract customers' attention in hopes that they will buy other products as well, is referred to as


A) loss-leader pricing.
B) bundle pricing.
C) magnet pricing.
D) predatory pricing.
E) below-market pricing.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

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A firm's profit objective is often measured in terms of ROI. The acronym ROI stands for __________.


A) risk opportunity investment
B) revised organizational incentives
C) return on investment
D) regulated organizational investments
E) replenishment of organizational inventories

F) A) and C)
G) All of the above

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The unit variable cost (UVC) equals variable cost (VC) divided by __________.


A) quantity (Q)
B) fixed costs (FC)
C) total cost (TC)
D) total revenue (TR)
E) price per unit of the product (P)

F) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

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Price discrimination is illegal under the


A) Sherman Act.
B) Consumer Goods Pricing Act.
C) Robinson-Patman Act.
D) Federal Trade Commission Act.
E) Anti-Competitive Act.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and E)

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The key to setting a final price for a product is finding an approximate price level to use as a reasonable starting point. Four common approaches to selecting an approximate price level are: (1) demand-oriented; (2) cost-oriented; (3) profit-oriented; and (4) __________ approaches.


A) revenue-oriented
B) distribution-oriented
C) stakeholder-oriented
D) competition-oriented
E) cause-oriented

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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List four of the seven demand-oriented approaches to selecting an approximate price level and define what they are.

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Demand-oriented approaches include: (1) ...

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A trade-in allowance refers to


A) a noncash exchange of one product for another of equal or greater value.
B) a cash-back payment when a more expensive item is replaced with a less expensive item.
C) the return of money based on proof of purchase.
D) a cash payment to a retailer for extra in-store support or special featuring of the brand.
E) a price reduction given when a used product is part of the payment on a new product.

F) C) and E)
G) A) and C)

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